硫代硫酸钠及葡萄糖对蓝细菌Synechocystis sP.PCC6803脂及光合器组成的影响

本文通过对蓝细菌Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803在添加葡萄糖、Na2S203的BG-11培养基中的生长特性、脂类及脂肪酸组成、细胞低温荧光、色素组成进行分析测定，总结出如下规律： 当蓝细菌Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803在添加有葡萄糖的BG-11培养基中培养时细胞出现了一种新的糖脂（记为糖脂-x），在添加果糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等其它碳源的培养基中生长的细胞中也检测到糖脂-x糖脂-x的出现经推测是与活性氧相作用的产物，当在含糖的培养基中加入活性氧猝灭剂Na2S203时能有效地抑制糖脂-x的出现。糖脂一x的出现伴随着其它脂、尤其是双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)的含量下降，这可能与细胞营养代谢类型的转变相适应。糖脂-x的出现使细胞适应异养生长条件，这时藻胆体(PBS)，光系统II(PSII)，光系统I(PSD降解，叶绿素消失。 糖脂-x经1H-NMR波谱术检测证实为甘油糖脂，经气质联谱分析其脂肪酸组成中含大量的枝链脂肪酸，12-甲基十四碳酸、12-甲基十五碳酸、12-甲基十六碳酸以及两种稀有的含氮脂肪酸。这些脂肪酸在添加高浓度葡萄糖的培养基中生长的．Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803中的单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)也能检测到。ESI-MS以及P-SI-MS测定结果表明糖脂．x含一分子的脂酰基侧链以及两分子的己糖，半乳糖与葡萄糖。 对．Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803生长在不同浓度的葡萄糖与Na2S203培养基中脂类组成与脂肪酸组成进行比较，发现Na2S203能有效地增加膜脂中硫代异鼠李糖二酰基甘油(SQDG)和磷脂酰甘油(PG)的百分含量，培养基中同时添加葡萄糖时能抵消Na2S203的这一效应。此外，Na2S203能显著增加单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)中十六碳酸(C16:0)的百分含量，这一效应也能为葡萄糖恢复。Na2S203不能显著地改变SQDG中C16:0的百分含量，加入葡萄糖时能降低C16:0的百分含量。这些结果说明Na2S203可能充当一种还原剂使膜脂处于一种低的不饱和状态，同时加入葡萄糖时能降低Na2S203的还原力。此外，Na2S203还可作为SQDG合成中的硫供体。 用HPLC测定．Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803在添加不同浓度的Na2S203，葡萄糖的BG-11培养基中生长时的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素浓度，结果表明葡萄糖表现出对叶绿素与类胡萝卜素水平的抑制效应，Na2S203在低浓度时表现出对叶绿素与类胡萝卜素水平的促进效应，但在高浓度时表现出抑制效应。因此适当浓度的Na2S203的加入有利于维持蓝细菌在培养基中添加葡萄糖的生长条件下的低水平自由基，能使葡萄糖表现出促进细胞生长的特性。 通过测定Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803生长曲线中葡萄糖、Na2S203的浓度效应，结果表明葡萄糖在低浓度（例如5 mmoI.L-l）时表现出促进细胞的生长，在相对高的浓度表现出抑制细胞生长的效应。在培养基中同时加入Na2S203时可恢复葡萄糖对细胞的生长的促进效应。单独加入Na2S203表现出对细胞生长的抑制效应。这说明葡萄糖、Na2S203对细胞的生长存在着正的协同效应。

The first study on the effects of microcystin-RR on gene expression profiles of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein-70 in Synechocystis sp PCC6803

Microcystins are heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Microcystin-RR(MC-RR) is a common variant among the 80 variants identified so far. There have been many investigations documenting the toxic effects of microcystins on animals and higher plants, but little is known on the toxic effects of microcystins on algae, especially at molecular level. We studied the effects of MC-RR on gene expression profile of a few antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. After two days post-exposure, a high dose toxin (5 mg/l, about 4.8 x 10(-3) mM) significantly increased expression levels of the genes gpx1, sodB, katG, acnB, gamma-TMTand dnaK2, while a relatively low dose toxin (1 mg/l, about 9.63 x 10(-4) mM) induced a moderate and slow increase of gene expression. Our results indicate that MC-RR could induce the oxidative stress in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and the increase in gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and Hsp70 might protect the organism from the oxidative damage. in addition, cell aggregation was observed during the early period of exposure, which might be a specific oxidative stress reaction to MC-RR. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A TPR-family membrane protein gene is required for light-activated heterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 can grow heterotrophically in complete darkness, given that a brief period of illumination is supplemented every day (light-activated heterotrophic growth, LAHG), or under very weak ( < 0.5 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) but continuous light. By random insertion of the genome with an antibiotic resistance cassette, mutants defective in LAHG were generated. In two identical mutants, sll0886, a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-family membrane protein gene, was disrupted. Targeted insertion of sll0886 and three downstream genes showed that the phenotype was not due to a polar effect. The sll0886 mutant shows normal photoheterotrophic growth when the light intensity is at 2.5 mumol m(-2) s(-1) or above, but no growth at 0.5 mumol m(-2) s(-1). Homologs to sll0886 are also present in cyanobacteria that are not known of LAHG. sll0886 and homologs may be involved in controlling different physiological processes that respond to light of low fluence. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Functional characterization of sll0659 from Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

Synchocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacks a gene for the any known types of lycopene cyclase. Recently, we reported that sll0659 (unknown for its function) from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 shows similarity in sequence to a lycopene cyclase gene-CruA from Chlorobium tepidum. To test, whether Sll0659 encoded protein serves as lycopene cyclase, in this study, we investigated the carotenoids of the wild types ans mutants, In the sll0659 deleted mutant, there is no blockage at the lycopene cyclization step. Our results demonstrate that sll0659 does not affect lycopene cyclization. However, the ultrastructure of mutants suggests the involvement or necessity of sll0659 in the cell division.

Untersuchungen zur Funktion multipler DnaJ-Proteine in dem Cyanobakterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Sowohl in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 als auch in anderen Cyanobakterien konnten multiple DnaJ-Proteine nachgewiesen werden, deren Funktion jedoch noch weitestgehend unverstanden ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Funktionen der multiplen DnaJ-Proteine von Synechocystis sp. charakterisiert. Das DnaJ-Protein, Sll0897 gehört aufgrund seiner Domänenstruktur zu den Typ I-Proteinen, Slr0093 und Sll1933 zu den Typ II-Proteinen und Sll0909, Sll1011, Sll1384 und Sll1666 zu den Typ III DnaJ-Proteinen. Durch Komplementationsstudien des E. coli ΔdnaJ-Stammes OD259 konnte eine Komplementation des Wachstumsdefekts bei höheren Temperaturen durch die Proteine Slr0093 und Sll0897 gezeigt werden. In Synechocystis war eine komplette Disruption von sll1933 nicht möglich, weshalb das Protein Sll1933 unter normalen Wachstumsbedingungen essentiell ist. Doppelte Insertionmutationen waren lediglich bei der Kombination der Gene sll0909 und sll1384 möglich. Untersuchungen des Wachstumsverhaltens der dnaJ-Disruptions-stämme unter Hitze- und Kältestressbedingungen zeigten, dass das Protein Sll0897 eine wichtige Funktion bei der Stressantwort in Synechocystis besitzt und unter Hitzestressbedingungen essentiell ist. Eine vollständige Deletion des Gens sll0897 war Synechocystis sp. bereits unter normalen Wachstumsbedingungen nicht möglich. Bei den für ein Wachstum mindestens notwendigen Domänen des Sll0897 handelt es sich um die charakteristische J-Domäne und die Glycin-Phenylalanin-reiche Domäne. Unter Hitzestressbedingungen ist das Volllängen-Protein Sll0897 für ein Wachstum essentiell. rnNeben den in vivo Wachstumsexperimenten wurde eine Methode zur heterologen Expression der sieben DnaJ-Proteine in E. coli und einer nativen Reinigung von Slr0093, Sll0897, Sll0909 und Sll1666 etabliert. Untersuchungen zur Thermostabilität der gereinigten Proteine zeigten für das Slr0093 und Sll1666 einen reversiblen Prozess, wodurch sie auch nach dem Hitzestress noch als Faltungshelfer fungieren können. Bei den Proteinen Sll0897 und Sll0909 ist der Prozess jedoch nicht reversibel, so dass sie nach Hitzestresseinwirkung neu synthetisiert oder durch Chaperoneinwirkung korrekt gefaltet werden müssen. Die Affinitäts-„Pull-Down“ Analysen lieferten keine klaren Hinweise auf die DnaK-Interaktionspartner der Proteine Slr0093, Sll0897, Sll0909 und Sll1666, weshalb weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sind. Mit Hilfe der Gelfiltrationsanalysen konnten die errechneten molaren Massen der Proteine Slr0093 und Sll1666 bestätigt und beide Proteine in einer monomeren Form nachgewiesen werden. Die DnaJ-Proteine Sll0897 und Sll0909 konnten in zwei oligomeren Zuständen detektiert werden. Analysen der ATPase-Aktivität des DnaK2-Proteins alleine und des DnaK2-Proteins zusammen mit den DnaJ-Proteinen Slr0093, Sll0897, Sll0909 und Sll1666 zeigten eine Steigerung der ATP-Hydrolyserate bei der Interaktion von DnaK und DnaJ, wobei Sll0897 die größte Steigerung der ATPase-Aktivität des DnaK2 induzierte.

Hsp70-Chaperone und ihre Rolle bei der Thylakoidmembranbiogenese im Cyanobakterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Im Genom des Cyanobakteriums Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 sind vier homologe Hsp70-Proteine kodiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten neue Erkenntnisse über die möglichen Funktionen der einzelnen Mitglieder der Hsp70-Proteinfamilie in dem Modellorganismus gewonnen bzw. bekannte Aufgabenbereiche erweitert werden. Wie für E. coli schon gezeigt, konnte auch für Synechocystis sp. nachgewiesen werden, dass eine Deletion des ribosomassoziierten Chaperons Trigger Factor ohne Beeinträchtigung der Zellviabilität möglich ist. Darüber hinaus war auch eine Doppeldeletion mit dnaK1 durchführbar. Als Auswirkung der Deletion ließ sich in den jeweiligen Deletionsstämmen eine veränderte Expression der homologen Hsp70-Proteine und Trigger Factor nachweisen. Mit Hilfe der Synechocystis sp.-Mutationsstämme ∆dnaK1, ∆dnaK2, ∆dnaK3, ∆tig und ∆dnaK1∆tig wurden Auswirkungen der Deletion bzw. Depletion umfassend dargestellt und daraus hervorgehende putative Funktionen eingehend diskutiert. Die Reduzierung der zellulären DnaK3-Konzentration um etwa 70 % führte im Depletionsstamm ΔdnaK3 zu weitreichenden physiologischen Änderungen hinsichtlich photosynthetischer Prozesse. Zusammen mit einer lichtabhängigen Expression, konnte DnaK3 als essentieller Faktor für die funktionelle Aufrechterhaltung der Thylakoidmembran identifiziert werden. Durch die Analyse des Proteoms und Lipidoms dunkeladaptierter Synechocystis sp.-Zellen konnte im Vergleich zu älteren Studien eine erheblich größere Anzahl von Proteinen detektiert und quantifiziert werden, womit neue Erkenntnisse über die physiologischen Veränderungen unter heterotrophem Wachstum sowie der Thylakoidmembranbiogenese gewonnen werden konnten.

Three-piece-ligation PCR and application in disruption of chlorophyll synthesis genes in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

Linear DNA, consisting of a drug-resistance marker and long flanking sequences, was synthesized by one-step polymerase chain reaction after a three-piece ligating reaction. Chlorophyll synthesis genes, chlH and chIL in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, were replaced by a kanamycin-resistance marker through double recombinations with flanking homology regions. Under LAHG conditions, the chIL but not chlH mutant stopped chlorophyll synthesis, while both synthesized chlorophyll in the light.

Thylakoid terminal oxidases are essential for the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to survive rapidly changing light intensities.

Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis and respiration in the thylakoid membrane, suggesting that the two processes are interlinked. However, the role of the respiratory electron transfer chain under natural environmental conditions has not been established. Through targeted gene disruption, mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were generated that lacked combinations of the three terminal oxidases: the thylakoid membrane-localized cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and quinol oxidase (Cyd) and the cytoplasmic membrane-localized alternative respiratory terminal oxidase. All strains demonstrated similar growth under continuous moderate or high light or 12-h moderate-light/dark square-wave cycles. However, under 12-h high-light/dark square-wave cycles, the COX/Cyd mutant displayed impaired growth and was completely photobleached after approximately 2 d. In contrast, use of sinusoidal light/dark cycles to simulate natural diurnal conditions resulted in little photobleaching, although growth was slower. Under high-light/dark square-wave cycles, the COX/Cyd mutant suffered a significant loss of photosynthetic efficiency during dark periods, a greater level of oxidative stress, and reduced glycogen degradation compared with the wild type. The mutant was susceptible to photoinhibition under pulsing but not constant light. These findings confirm a role for thylakoid-localized terminal oxidases in efficient dark respiration, reduction of oxidative stress, and accommodation of sudden light changes, demonstrating the strong selective pressure to maintain linked photosynthetic and respiratory electron chains within the thylakoid membrane. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report a phenotypic difference in growth between terminal oxidase mutants and wild-type cells and highlights the need to examine mutant phenotypes under a range of conditions.

DnaJ-like protein gene sll1384 is involved in phototaxis in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, gene sll1384 encodes a protein with a DnaJ domain at its N-terminal portion and a TPR domain at the C-terminal portion. An sll1384 mutant shows no difference from the wild type in adaptation to different temperatures, but almost completely loses its capability of phototactic movement. After complementation with sll1384, the mutant regains the phototaxis. As shown with electron microscopy, on the cell surface, mutant cells have pili that appear to be the same as that of the wild type. Also, the transformation efficiency remains unchanged in the mutant. It is postulated that Sll1384 regulates phototaxis of Synechocystis through protein-protein interaction. It is the first DnaJ-like protein gene identified in a cyanobacterium for a role in phototaxis.

Depletion of Vipp1 in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 affects photosynthetic activity before the loss of thylakoid membranes

A vipp1 mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 could not be completely segregated under either mixotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. A vipp1 gene with a copper-regulated promoter (P-petE-vipp1) was integrated into a neutral platform in the genome of the merodiploid mutant. The copper-induced expression of P-petE-vipp1 allowed a complete segregation of the vipp1 mutant and observation of the phenotype of Synechocystis 6803 with different levels of vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1). When P-petE-vipp1 was turned off by copper deprivation, Synechocystis lost Vipp1 and photosynthetic activity almost simultaneously, and at a later stage, thylakoid membranes and cell viability. The photosystem II (PSII)-mediated electron transfer was much more rapidly reduced than the PSI-mediated electron transfer. By testing a series of concentrations, we found that P-petE-vipp1 cells grown in medium with 0.025 mu M Cu2+ showed no reduction of thylakoid membranes, but greatly reduced photosynthetic activity and viability. These results suggested that in contrast to a previous report, the loss of photosynthetic activity may not have been due to the loss of thylakoid membranes, but may have been caused more directly by the loss of Vipp1 in Synechocystis 6803.

Bifunctional enzyme FBPase/SBPase is essential for photoautotrophic growth in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

From a random insertion mutant library of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a mutant defective in photoautotrophic growth was obtained. The interrupted gene was identified to be slr2094 (rbpl), which encodes the fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase)/sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase (SBPase) bifunctional enzyme (F-I). Two other independently constructed slr2094 mutants showed an identical phenotype. The FBPase activity was found to be virtually lacking in an slr2094 mutant, which was sensitive to light under mixotrophic growth conditions. These results indicate that slr2094 is the only active FBPase-encoding gene in this cyanobacterium. Inactivation of photosystem II by interrupting psbB in slr2094 mutant alleviated the sensitiveness to light. This report provides the direct genetic evidence for the essential role of F-I in the photosynthesis of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. (c) 2007 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.

alpha-tocopherol is essential for acquired chill-light tolerance in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp strain PCC 6803

Unlike Escherichia coli, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is insensitive to chill (5 degrees C) in the dark but rapidly losses viability when exposed to chill in the light (100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Preconditioning at a low temperature (15 degrees C) greatly enhances the chill-light tolerance of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. This phenomenon is called acquired chill-light tolerance (ACLT). Preconditioned wild-type cells maintained a substantially higher level of alpha-tocopherol after exposure to chill-light stress. Mutants unable to synthesize alpha-tocopherol, such as slr1736, slr1737, slr0089, and slr0090 mutants, almost completely lost ACLT. When exposed to chill without light, these mutants showed no or a slight difference from the wild type. When complemented, the slr0089 mutant regained its ACLT. Copper-regulated expression of slr0090 from P-petE controlled the level of et-tocopherol and ACLT. We conclude that alpha-tocopherol is essential for ACLT of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. The role of a-tocopherol in ACLT may be based largely on a nonantioxidant activity that is not possessed by other tocopherols or pathway intermediates.

Identification of a gene, ccr-1 (sll1242), required for chill-light tolerance and growth at 15 degrees C in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exposed to chill (5 degrees C)-light (100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) stress loses its ability to reinitiate growth. From a random insertion mutant library of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a sll1242 mutant showing increased sensitivity to chill plus light was isolated. Mutant reconstruction and complementation with the wild-type gene confirmed the role of sll1242 in maintaining chill-light tolerance. At 15 degrees C, the autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of the mutant were both inhibited, paralleled by decreased photosynthetic activity. The expression of sll1242 was upregulated in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 after transfer from 30 to 15 degrees C at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 30 mu mol photons m(-2) S-1. sll1242, named ccr (cyanobacterial cold resistance gene)- 1, may be required for cold acclimation of cyanobacteria in light.